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Urmi (Christian)
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    • Pronouns

    06.19.2025: these are scratch notes for elona

    Independent Pronoun

    • 3ms. ⁺ʾav, ⁺ʾavun‘he’
    • 3fs. ʾay, ʾayən‘she’
    • 3pl. ʾani‘they’
    • 2s. ʾat, ʾatən‘you (s.)’
    • 2pl. ʾaxtun, ʾaxtoxun, ʾaxnoxun‘you (pl.)’
    • 1s. ʾana‘I’
    • 1pl. ʾaxnan‘we’

    The 2pl. form is also used to politely address a single person.

    Pronoun Suffix

    Form

    • 3ms. –u
    • 3fs. –o
    • 3pl. –é
    • 2ms. –ux
    • 2fs. –ax
    • 2pl. –oxun
    • 1s. –i
    • 1pl. –an

    Speakers in the Caucasus use the 1pl. form –an, –eni.

    Speakers in the village of Siri use the 3ms. form –ə.

    When the pronoun suffix is attached to a word that ends in a consonant /–C/, the suffix is attached onto the consonant.

    • ⁺sticanu ‘his cup’ < ⁺stican + u
    • dosto ‘her friend’ < dost + o
    • xošé ‘their enjoyment’ < xoš + é
    • cepux ‘your (ms.) health’ < cep + ux
    • cifax ‘your (fs.) bag’ < cif + ax
    • ⁺yaxčaloxun ‘your (pl.) fridge’ < ⁺yaxčal + oxun
    • ⁺p̂ap̂rusi ‘my cigarette’ < ⁺p̂ap̂rus + i
    • ⁺ʾotaǧan ‘our room’ < ⁺ʾotaǧ + an

    When the pronoun suffix is attached to a word that ends in the sound /–əC/, the vowel /–ə–/ lengthens to /–i–/.

    • yemišu ‘his fruit’ < yeməš + u
    • šəbbido ‘her dill’ < šəbbəd + o
    • cərvišé ‘their rabbit’ < cərvəš + é
    • ⁺čaynic̭ux ‘your (ms.) teapot’ < ⁺čaynəc̭ + ux
    • ⁺maticax ‘your (fs.) makeup’ < ⁺matəc + ax
    • dəžminoxun ‘your (pl.) enemy’ < dəžmən + oxun
    • ⁺farsiti ‘my Persian’ < ⁺farsət + i
    • masčidan ‘our mosque’ < masčəd + an

    When the pronoun suffix is attached to a word that ends in the sound /–at/, the consonant /–t–/ doubles.

    • ⁺k̭aravattu ‘his bed’ < ⁺k̭aravat + u
    • cəlpatto ‘her family’ < cəlpat + o
    • ⁺saʾatté ‘their watch’ < ⁺saʾat + é
    • hak̭yattux ‘his (ms.) story’ < hak̭yat + ux
    • k̭əssattax ‘your (fs.) story’ < k̭əssat + ax
    • k̭eybatti ‘my gossip’ < k̭eybat + i

    When the pronoun suffix is attached to a word that ends in the vowel /–i/, the sound /–yy–/ is inserted before the suffix is attached.

    • məndiyyu ‘his thing’ < məndi + u
    • ⁺rabiyyo ‘her teacher’ < ⁺rabi + o
    • ⁺xnamiyyé ‘their relative’ < ⁺xnami + é
    • ⁺xaliyyux ‘your (ms.) carpet’ < ⁺xali + ux
    • laxmačiyyax ‘your (fs.) baker’ < laxmači + ax
    • jafariyyoxun ‘your (pl.) parsley’ < jafari + oxun
    • ʾutiyyi ‘my iron’ < ʾuti + i
    • k̭ubiyyan ‘our marshland’ < k̭ubi + an

    When the pronoun suffix is attached to a word that ends in the vowel /–u/, that ending expands to /–unta/ before the suffix is attached.

    • ⁺k̭aṱuntu ‘his cat’ < ⁺k̭aṱu + u
    • calunto ‘her bride’ < calu + o
    • čak̭k̭unté ‘their knife’ < čak̭k̭u + é
    • majguntux ‘your (ms.) bubble’ < majgu + ux
    • ⁺zalluntax ‘your (fs.) leech’ < ⁺zallu + ax

    When the pronoun suffix is attached to any other vowel /–V/, that vowel is absorbed by the suffix.

    • šəmmu ‘his name’ < šəmma + u
    • beto ‘her house’ < beta + o
    • yəmmé ‘their mom’ < yəmma + é
    • calbux ‘your (ms.) dog’ < calba + ux
    • calbax ‘your (fs.) dogs’ < calbə + ax
    • ⁺šuloxun ‘your (pl.) work’ < ⁺šula + oxun
    • pati ‘my face’ < pata + i
    • ⁺berašan ‘our evening’ < ⁺bérašə + an

    There are 26 words which have a special stem that the pronoun suffix attaches to.

    • mən (mənn–) ‘with’
    • ⁺ʾal (⁺ʾall–) ‘on’
    • k̭a (k̭at–) ‘to’
    • bi (biyy–) ‘with’
    • cul (cúllunt–, cúll–) ‘all’
    • šlama (šlámal–) ‘hello’
    • cəs (cəsl–) ‘near’
    • ʾəm (ʾə́mn–) ‘which’
    • mu (mudy–) ‘what’
    • ⁺ʾaralləǧ (⁺ʾaralǧ–) ‘between’
    • marzan (marzanan–) ‘around’
    • k̭am (k̭amayt–, k̭am–) ‘before’
    • bark̭ul (bark̭uyl–) ‘opposite’
    • dark̭ul (dark̭uyl–) ‘against’
    • ⁺ʾaxər (⁺ʾaxərr–) ‘in the end’
    • gadug (gadugg-) ‘mountain pass’
    • sər (sərr-, sir-) ‘secret’
    • ʾərxə (ʾərxiyy-) ‘watermill’
    • tre (túrvənt–) ‘two’
    • ⁺ṱla (⁺ṱúlvunt–) ‘three’
    • ⁺ʾarp̂a (⁺ʾárp̂unt–) ‘four’
    • xamša (xámšunt–) ‘five’
    • ʾəšta (ʾə́štunt–) ‘six’
    • ⁺šavva (⁺šávvunt–) ‘seven’
    • tmanya (tmányunt–) ‘eight’
    • ⁺ʾəč̭č̭a (⁺ʾə́č̭č̭unt–) ‘nine’
    • ʾəsra (⁺ʾə́srunt–) ‘ten’

    Any nouns can be combined with a pronoun suffix.

    Certain verb forms can take pronoun suffixes.

    Some prepositions can take pronoun suffixes.

    • cəs
    • ⁺ʾullul
    • bas
    • gav
    • marzanan–
    • k̭amayt–
    • bark̭uyl–
    • biyy–
    • bil–
    • dark̭uyl–
    • k̭at–
    • mənn–
    • xut–
    • ⁺bar–
    • ʾəll–
    • ⁺xadərvan–
    • ⁺ʾall–
    • ⁺ʾaralǧ–
    • ⁺ʾamm–

    Some adverbs

    • cullə
    • láxxa
    • ⁺táma
    • ⁺támma
    • ʾəmn–
    • ʾo-yb–
    • ʾa-yb–
    • mudy–

    Some particles

    • gan–
    • diyy-
    • šlamal–
    • bass–
    • ⁺hayp–
    • ⁺ʾaxərr–

    The numbers 2-10 can take pronoun suffix.

    • tre (túrvənt–, túrv–) ‘two’
    • ⁺ṱla (⁺ṱúlvunt–, ⁺ṱúllunt–) ‘three’
    • ⁺ʾarp̂a (⁺ʾárp̂unt–) ‘four’
    • xamša (xámšunt–) ‘five’
    • ʾəšta (ʾə́štunt–) ‘six’
    • ⁺šavva (⁺šávvunt–) ‘seven’
    • tmanya (tmányunt–) ‘eight’
    • ⁺ʾəč̭č̭a (⁺ʾə́č̭č̭unt–) ‘nine’
    • ʾəsra (⁺ʾə́srunt–) ‘ten’

    Usage

    The pronoun suffix can be attached to nouns, prepositions, certain verb forms,

    The pronoun suffix expresses ‘his, your, my’ on nouns.

    • patu ‘his face’ < pata + u
    • ⁺xavərto ‘her girlfriend’ < ⁺xavərta + o
    • ⁺rasté ‘their right’ < ⁺rastə + é
    • ⁺tarrux ‘your (ms.) door’ < ⁺tarra + ux
    • pək̭k̭ak̭ax ‘your (fs.) frogs’ < pək̭k̭ak̭ə + ax
    • ⁺ʾumroxun ‘your (pl.) church’ < ⁺ʾumra + oxun
    • səndaliyyi ‘my chair’ < səndali + i
    • ⁺ṱuyranan ‘our mountains’ < ⁺ṱuyranə + an

    The pronoun suffix expresses ‘him, you, me’ on prepositions and certain verb forms.

    • ⁺baro ‘after her’ < ⁺bar + o
    • ptixo ‘opened it (fs.)’ < ptixa + o
    • šaxlupi ‘changing me’ < šaxlupə + i

    The pronoun suffix expresses ‘of them, of you, of us’ on numbers.

    • túrvənte ‘the two of them’ < túrvənt– + é
    • ⁺ṱúlvuntoxun ‘the three of you (pl.)’ < ⁺ṱúlvunt– + oxun
    • ⁺ʾárp̂untan ‘the four of us’ < ⁺ʾárp̂unt– + an

    The pronoun suffix is attached to 9 other words and expresses various things on them. The stress on these words is always on the first syllable.

    • šlámaloxun ‘hello! (pl.)’ < šlámal– + oxun
    • cúlluntan ‘all of us’ < cúllunt– + an
    • ʾəmne ‘which of you (pl.)’ < ʾə́mn– + é
    • laxxu ‘here on him’ < laxxa + u
    • ⁺haypu ‘what a pity for him’ < ⁺haypa + u
    • bassax ‘enough for you (fs.)’ < bassa + ax
    • mudyux ‘what with you’ < mudy– + ux
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