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Urmi (Christian)
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    • Demonstratives

    06.19.2025: these are scratch notes for elona

    The Near Demonstratives

    Form

    • ms.ʾaha, ʾa
    • fs.ʾaha, ʾa
    • pl.ʾannə

    Speakers in the village of Guylasar use the ms. and fs. form ʾaha, ʾa, ʾiyyá, ʾiyyáha, ʾayyá, ya.

    Usage

    • ʾa naša
    • ʾa naša

    The near demonstrative can be used to identify things within the conversation. When it is used dependely, it most naturally ‘he’.

    The Far Demonstratives

    • ms.⁺ʾavva
    • fs.ʾayya
    • pl.ʾannə

    Very Far

    • ms.⁺ʾavvó, ⁺ʾavvoha, ⁺ʾavvoxa
    • fs.ʾayyé, ʾayyeha, ʾayyexa
    • pl.ʾanní, ʾanné, ʾanníhi

    The very far demonstrative is used by speakers in the Caucasus to physically point to something very far from the conversation. It corresponds to the word ⁺tammó ‘way over there’.

    The very var demonstrative appears to be used.

    Default Demonstratives

    • ms.ʾo
    • fs.ʾe
    • pl.ʾan

    Speakers in the Caucasus use the pl. form ʾan, ʾēn, ʾeni.

    Strong Default

    • ms.ʾoxa
    • fs.ʾexa

    The strong default demonstrative is used by speakers in the Caucasus instead of the default demonstrative when they want the listener to pay extra attention to what they are trying to refer to.

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